Recreational Vehicle (RV) batteries/ lifepo4 battery are one of the most important things you take with you on the road when you travel. After all, they’re largely the reason that you get from Point A to Point B.
Some essential benefits deep cycle lithium batteries have over lead-acid for your RV include: Less than half the weight. Offer much higher usable capacity at the same amp-hour. Fully charged up to 6x faster.
Lifepo4 battery is safer than AGM batteries. They are less prone to overheating and catching fire, which is a common issue with AGM batteries. Additionally, Lifepo4 batteries are more stable, which means they are less likely to explode if they are damaged.
If your upfront budget is lower, an AGM battery may be a better option as they are cheaper to buy. However, because a lithium battery offers a longer lifespan, it will usually be more economical in the long run.
In most cases you can swap out your RV’s AGM / lead-acid battery with a more economical, safer, and longer lasting lithium RV battery. You’ll just need to ensure your RV has a charging profile for lithium batteries.
HIMAX can make all kinds of custom lithium battery pack and 12v Lead Acid Replacement Battery for our customers. We have full of confidence to meet your quality level. Looking forward to build a long term business with you and we wait for your kind respond
Contact Himax now to unlock your exclusive battery customization options, Himax offers a wide range of options and flexible customization services to meet the needs of different users.
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Name: Dawn Zeng (Director)
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The pursuit of greener energy also requires efficient rechargeable batteries to store that energy. While lithium-ion batteries are currently the most widely used, all-solid-state sodium batteries are attracting attention as sodium is far more plentiful than lithium. This should make sodium battery less expensive, and solid-state batteries are thought to be safer, but processing issues mean mass production has been difficult.
Osaka Metropolitan University Associate Professor Atsushi Sakuda and Professor Akitoshi Hayashi, both of the Graduate School of Engineering, led a research team in developing a process that can lead to mass synthesis for sodium-containing sulfides. The results were published in Energy Storage Materials and Inorganic Chemistry.
Using sodium polysulfides (sulfides with two or more atoms of sulfur) as both the material and the flux, which promotes fusion, the team created a solid sulfide electrolyte with the world’s highest reported sodium ion conductivity—about 10 times higher than required for practical use—and a glass electrolyte with high reduction resistance.
Mass synthesis of such electrolytes with high conductivity and formability is key to the practical use of all-solid-state sodium battery.
“This newly developed process is useful for the production of almost all sodium-containing sulfide materials, including solid electrolytes and electrode active materials,” Professor Sakuda said.
“Also, compared to conventional methods, this process makes it easier to obtain materials that display higher performance, so we believe it will become a mainstream process for the future development of materials for all-solid-state sodium batteries.”
More information: Akira Nasu et al, Utilizing reactive polysulfides flux Na2S for the synthesis of sulfide solid electrolytes for all-solid-state sodium batteries, Energy Storage Materials (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.ensm.2024.103307
Tomoya Otono et al, High-Sodium-Concentration Sodium Oxythioborosilicate Glass Synthesized via Ambient Pressure Method with Sodium Polysulfides, Inorganic Chemistry (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04101
Journal information: Inorganic Chemistry
Provided by Osaka Metropolitan University
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A solid-state battery is a battery that uses solid electrodes and solid electrolytes. Solid-state batteries generally have lower power density and higher energy density. Because solid-state batteries have a relatively high power-to-weight ratio, they are an ideal battery for electric vehicles. What is the difference between solid-state batteries and lithium ion battery?
The main difference between solid-state batteries and lithium ion battery is the electrolyte. The electrolyte of lithium ions is liquid and exists in the form of gels and polymers, making it difficult to reduce the weight of the battery. In addition, a single lithium ion battery cell does not have high energy, so multiple battery cells must be connected in series and parallel, further increasing the weight. The cost of engineering, manufacturing and installing the battery pack accounts for a large proportion of the overall cost of an electric vehicle.
In addition to weight issues, the electrolyte of lithium-ion batteries is flammable, unstable at high temperatures, and has thermal runaway problems. In the event of a car accident, a serious fire may result. The electrolytes of the batteries also tend to freeze at low temperatures, which will reduce the battery life. In addition, the electrolyte will corrode the internal components of the battery, and the charging and discharging process will also produce dendrites, reducing the battery’s capacity, performance and lifespan.
Instead of a liquid electrolyte inside a solid-state battery, there is a solid electrolyte in the form of glass, ceramic, or other materials. The overall structure of solid-state batteries is similar to traditional lithium-ion batteries, and the charging and discharging methods are also similar. However, because there is no liquid, the battery is more compact inside, smaller in size, and has increased energy density.
If the lithium-ion battery in an electric vehicle is replaced by a solid-state battery of the same size, the capacity can theoretically be increased by more than 2 times.
Moreover, solid-state lithium batteries are lighter in weight and do not require the monitoring, cooling and insulation systems of lithium-ion batteries. The chassis can free up more space for batteries, greatly increasing the endurance of electric vehicles.
In addition, solid-state batteries charge faster than lithium-ion batteries, have no corrosive problems, and have a longer life. Regarding the operating temperature, solid-state batteries are thermally stable and will not freeze at low temperatures. For users living in mid-to-high latitudes, this can ensure the endurance of electric vehicles.
The technical problem currently encountered by solid-state batteries is that the durability of the batteries is insufficient. Because the battery will repeatedly expand and contract during charging and discharging, causing the solid electrolyte to crack and causing the battery to have a short life.
Overall, solid-state battery technology is still in the transition stage from mature technology to industrialization, and it still needs lower material prices, process improvements, and a more stable supply chain system. The advancement of solid-state battery technology will be a gradual process. At present, lithium batteries will still be the mainstream batteries in va
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Scientists have discovered a stable and highly conductive lithium-ion conductor for use as solid electrolytes for solid-state lithium ion battery. All-solid-state lithium ion battery with solid electrolytes are non-flammable and have higher energy density and transference numbers than those with liquid electrolytes. They are expected to take a share of the market for conventional liquid electrolyte Li-ion batteries, such as electric vehicles.
However, despite these advantages, solid electrolytes have lower Li-ion conductivity and pose challenges in achieving adequate electrode-solid electrolyte contact. While sulfide-based solid electrolytes are conductive, they react with moisture to form toxic hydrogen disulfide. Therefore, there’s a need for non-sulfide solid electrolytes that are both conductive and stable in air to make safe, high-performance, and fast-charging solid-state Li-ion batteries.
In a recent study published in Chemistry of Materials on 28 March 2024, a research team led by Professor Kenjiro Fujimoto, Professor Akihisa Aimi from Tokyo University of Science, and Dr. Shuhei Yoshida from Denso Corporation, discovered a stable and highly conductive Li-ion conductor in the form of a pyrochlore-type oxyfluoride.
According to Prof. Fujimoto, “Making all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary batteries has been a long-held dream of many battery researchers. We have discovered an oxide solid electrolyte that is a key component of all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries, which have both high energy density and safety. In addition to being stable in air, the material exhibits higher ionic conductivity than previously reported oxide solid electrolytes.”
The pyrochlore-type oxyfluoride studied in this work can be denoted as Li2-xLa(1+x)/3M2O6F (M = Nb, Ta). It underwent structural and compositional analysis using various techniques, including X-ray diffraction, Rietveld analysis, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and selected-area electron diffraction.
Specifically, Li1.25La0.58Nb2O6F was developed, demonstrating a bulk ionic conductivity of 7.0 mS cm⁻¹ and a total ionic conductivity of 3.9 mS cm⁻¹ at room temperature. It was found to be higher than the lithium-ion conductivity of known oxide solid electrolytes. The activation energy of ionic conduction of this material is extremely low, and the ionic conductivity of this material at low temperature is one of the highest among known solid electrolytes, including sulfide-based materials.
Even at –10°C, the new material has the same conductivity as conventional oxide-based solid electrolytes at room temperature. Furthermore, since conductivity above 100 °C has also been verified, the operating range of this solid electrolyte is –10 °C to 100 °C. Conventional lithium-ion batteries cannot be used at temperatures below freezing. Therefore, the operating conditions of lithium-ion batteries for commonly used mobile phones are 0 °C to 45 °C.
The Li-ion conduction mechanism in this material was investigated. The conduction path of pyrochlore-type structure cover the F ions located in the tunnels created by MO6 octahedra. The conduction mechanism is the sequential movement of Li-ions while changing bonds with F ions. Li ions move to the nearest Li position always passing through metastable positions. Immobile La3+ bonded to F ion inhibits the Li-ion conduction by blocking the conduction path and vanishing the surrounding metastable positions.
Unlike existing lithium-ion secondary batteries, oxide-based all solid-state batteries have no risk of electrolyte leakage due to damage and no risk of toxic gas generation as with sulfide-based batteries. Therefore, this new innovation is anticipated to propel future research.
“The newly discovered material is safe and exhibits higher ionic conductivity than previously reported oxide-based solid electrolytes. The application of this material is promising for the development of revolutionary batteries that can operate in a wide range of temperatures, from low to high,” says Prof. Fujimoto. “We believe that the performance required for the application of solid electrolytes for electric vehicles is satisfied.”
Notably, the new material is highly stable and will not ignite if damaged. It is suitable for airplanes and other places where safety is critical. It is also suitable for high-capacity applications, such as electric vehicles, because it can be used under high temperatures and supports rapid recharging. Moreover, it is also a promising material for miniaturization of batteries, home appliances, and medical devices.
In summary, researchers have not only discovered a Li-ion conductor with high conductivity and air stability but also introduced a new type of superionic conductor with a pyrochlore-type oxyfluoride. Exploring the local structure around lithium, their dynamic changes during conduction, and their potential as solid electrolytes for all-solid-state batteries are important areas for future research.
More information: Akihisa Aimi et al, High Li-Ion Conductivity in Pyrochlore-Type Solid Electrolyte Li2–xLa(1+x)/3M2O6F (M = Nb, Ta), Chemistry of Materials (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c03288
Journal information: Chemistry of Materials
Are you in the market for a marine battery but feeling overwhelmed by the plethora of options available? Fear not, for I’m here to shed light on the various marine battery technologies to help you make an informed decision. From traditional lead-acid batteries to advanced lithium-ion ones, let’s delve into the world of marine battery technologies.
Lead-Acid Batteries
Lead-acid batteries have long been the go-to choice for marine applications due to their reliability and affordability. They come in two main variants: flooded lead-acid batteries and sealed lead-acid batteries.
Pros
Cost-effective: Lead-acid batteries are relatively inexpensive compared to other options. Wide availability: These batteries are readily available in various sizes and configurations. Robust: They can withstand overcharging and deep discharges without significant damage.
Cons
Maintenance-intensive: Flooded lead-acid batteries require regular maintenance, including checking water levels and cleaning terminals. Limited lifespan: These batteries typically have a shorter lifespan compared to newer technologies. Susceptible to vibration damage: The plates inside lead-acid batteries can degrade over time due to vibration.
Lead-acid batteries are well-suited for starting applications and providing power to onboard electronics on smaller boats where cost-effectiveness is a priority.
AGM (Absorbent Glass Mat) Batteries
AGM batteries are a type of sealed lead-acid battery that utilizes absorbent glass mats to hold the electrolyte solution. This construction offers several advantages over traditional flooded lead-acid batteries.
Pros
Maintenance-free: AGM batteries are sealed and do not require regular maintenance. Vibration-resistant: The internal construction of AGM batteries makes them more resistant to vibration damage.
Faster charging: AGM batteries can accept higher charging currents, allowing for faster charging times.
Cons
Higher cost: AGM batteries are typically more expensive than flooded lead-acid batteries. Limited deep cycling capability: While AGM batteries can handle some deep discharges, repeated deep cycling can reduce their lifespan. Sensitivity to overcharging: Overcharging AGM batteries can lead to premature failure.
AGM batteries are ideal for applications where maintenance-free operation and resistance to vibration are essential, such as powering onboard electronics and accessories on mid-sized boats.
Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries represent the latest advancements in marine battery technology, offering superior performance and longevity compared to traditional lead-acid batteries.
Pros
Lightweight: Lithium-ion batteries are significantly lighter than lead-acid batteries, making them ideal for weight-sensitive applications. High energy density: They offer a higher energy density, providing more power in a smaller package. Long lifespan: Lithium-ion batteries can last significantly longer than lead-acid batteries, with some models boasting lifespans of over 10 years.
Cons
Higher initial cost: Lithium-ion batteries come with a higher upfront cost compared to lead-acid batteries. Safety concerns: While modern lithium-ion batteries incorporate safety features, improper handling or charging can pose a risk of fire or explosion. Compatibility issues: Some older marine electrical systems may not be compatible with lithium-ion batteries without modifications.
Li-ion batteries are best suited for high-performance applications where weight savings, long lifespan, and fast charging capabilities are crucial, such as powering electric propulsion systems or high-demand onboard electronics on larger vessels.
Choosing the right marine battery technology depends on various factors such as budget, performance requirements, and specific application needs. Whether you opt for the reliability of lead-acid batteries, the convenience of AGM batteries, or the performance of lithium-ion batteries, there’s a solution tailored to your boating needs.
For more information on marine battery technologies and expert advice on selecting the perfect battery for your boat, contact us.
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A sodium battery developed by researchers at The University of Texas at Austin significantly reduces fire risks from the technology, while also relying on inexpensive, abundant materials to serve as its building blocks.
Though battery fires are rare, increased battery usage means these incidents are on the rise.
The secret ingredient to this sodium battery breakthrough, published recently in Nature Energy, is a solid diluent. The researchers used a salt-based solid diluent in the electrolyte, facilitating the charge-discharge cycle. A specific type of salt—sodium nitrate—allowed the researchers to deploy just a single, nonflammable solvent in the electrolyte, stabilizing the battery as a whole.
Over time, the multiple liquid solvents in an electrolyte—the component that transfers charge-carrying ions between the battery’s two electrodes—react with other components in ways that degrade batteries and lead to safety risks. Sodium, an alternative to lithium that is one of the key ingredients in this battery, is highly reactive, posing a significant challenge to the adoption of these types of batteries. These reactions can lead to the growth of needle-like filaments called dendrites that can cause the battery to electrically short and even catch fire or explode.
“Batteries catch fire because the liquid solvents in the electrolyte don’t get along with other parts of the battery,” said Arumugam Manthiram, a professor in the Cockrell School of Engineering’s Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering and the lead researcher on the project. “We have reduced that risk from the equation to create a safer, more stable battery.”
In addition to the safety improvement, this new, sodium-based battery represents a less expensive alternative to the lithium-ion batteries that power smartphones, laptops, electric cars and more.
The battery also boasts strong performance. How long a battery lasts on a single charge tends to decline over time. The new sodium battery retained 80% of its capacity over 500 cycles, matching the standard of lithium-ion batteries in smartphones.
“Here we show a sodium battery that is safe and inexpensive to produce, without losing out on performance,” Manthiram said. “It is critical to develop alternatives to lithium-ion batteries that are not just on par with them, but better.”
Though the researchers applied this technique to a sodium battery, they said it could also translate to lithium-ion-based cells, albeit with different materials.
Lithium mining is expensive and has been criticized for its environmental impacts, including heavy groundwater use, soil and water pollution and carbon emissions. By comparison, sodium is available in the ocean, is cheaper and is more environmentally friendly.
Lithium-ion batteries typically also use cobalt, which is expensive and mined mostly in Africa’s Democratic Republic of the Congo, where it has significant impacts on human health and the environment. In 2020, Manthiram demonstrated a novel, cobalt-free lithium-ion battery.
This battery is also free of cobalt, as well as lithium. The other components are made of 40% iron, 30% manganese and 30% nickel.
Other authors on the paper are Jiarui He, Amruth Bhargav, Laisuo Su, Julia Lamb and Woochul Shin—all from the Cockrell School’s Materials Science and Engineering program and Texas Materials Institute—and John Okasinski of Argonne National Laboratory.
More information: Jiarui He et al, Tuning the solvation structure with salts for stable sodium-metal batteries, Nature Energy (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41560-024-01469-y
Provided by University of Texas at Austin
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Lithium ion battery is a common rechargeable battery type which is widely used in our daily life.
Lithium-ion batteries have higher energy density and better cycle life, so they are widely used in many application fields, such as electric vehicles, portable electronic devices, monitor, toys, etc.
Here are some susggestions when using lithium-ion batteries:
Charging: Use the recommended charger and charging cable and follow the manufacturer’s charging guidelines. Do not use inappropriate or inferior charging equipment to avoid problems such as overcharging, over-discharging or overheating.
Temperature control: Avoid exposing lithium ion battery to high or low temperatures. Excessively high temperatures will reduce battery life and may even cause safety issues. At the same time, battery performance will also be affected at low temperatures.
Avoid overcharging and discharging: Try to avoid charging and discharging lithium-ion batteries to the limit. Overcharging or overdischarging can negatively affect battery life. Use professional battery management systems or devices to monitor the charging and discharging process to ensure operations within a safe range.
Prevent physical damage: Lithium-ion batteries are relatively fragile and should be protected from physical damage such as impact, crushing, and bending to ensure their normal function and safety.
Water and Moisture Resistant: Lithium batteries are very sensitive to moisture. Avoid immersing the battery in water or exposing it to moisture to prevent safety risks such as battery performance degradation or circuit short circuits.
Storage conditions: When not in use for a long time, the lithium-ion battery should be charged to about 50% and stored in a dry, ventilated, and temperature-friendly environment to extend its life.
Please follow the instructions and recommendations provided by the manufacturer. If you have any questions or confusion about the use of lithium batteries, please consult the manufacturer for accurate guidance.
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Name: Dawn Zeng (Director)
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Environment: Lithium batterie charging and discharging operations need to be carried out in a ventilated environment with suitable temperature and humidity. This helps prevent adverse conditions such as overheating and humidity from affecting battery performance and safety. At the same time, the charging and discharging area should be far away from the core area, and independent fire partitions should be set up to reduce potential safety risks.
Temperature: Prevent charging and discharging lithium batterie in high or low temperature environments. High temperatures may cause thermal runaway of the battery, while low temperatures may affect the battery’s charge and discharge performance. In addition, the charging and discharging current of lithium batteries shall not exceed the maximum current indicated in the specification sheet.
Charger: Charging operations must use chargers that comply with relevant standards and specifications and are of reliable quality. The charger should have safety requirements such as short-circuit protection, braking power-off function, over-current protection function, and loss-of-control prevention function. In addition, the battery pack should use a charger with a balancing function to ensure that the charge status of each single cell in the battery pack is balanced.
Battery: Before charging and discharging, you must check whether the battery is qualified. This includes confirming whether the battery is damaged, deformed, leaking, smoking, leaking or other abnormal conditions. If there is any problem, charging and discharging operations are not allowed, and the battery must be disposed of safely in a timely manner.
Avoid overcharging and over-discharging: Avoid overcharging and over-discharging during lithium-ion battery charging and discharging operations. Overcharging may cause problems such as increased internal pressure of the battery and electrolyte leakage, while overdischarging may cause battery performance to decrease and shorten its lifespan. Therefore, the voltage and current during charging and discharging should be strictly controlled to ensure that the battery operates within a safe range.
Power supply: When charging and discharging lithium batteries, a power circuit that complies with relevant national electrical standards should be used to ensure the stability and safety of the power supply.
If you have any question, please feel free to contact us:
Name: Dawn Zeng (Director)
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Are you on the lookout for the perfect marine battery to power your boat? With a multitude of options available in the market, selecting the ideal one can be quite daunting. Fear not, for I’m here to guide you through the process of choosing the right marine battery tailored to your needs.
Marine batteries are specifically designed to withstand the harsh conditions of marine environments while providing reliable power for various applications on boats, such as starting engines, powering electronics, and running appliances.
There are primarily three types of marine batteries to consider:
Starting Batteries: These batteries are designed to deliver a quick burst of energy to start your boat’s engine. They are built to withstand frequent charging and discharging cycles without losing their capacity.
Deep Cycle Batteries: Deep cycle batteries are designed to provide a steady amount of power over a long period. They are ideal for powering onboard accessories like trolling motors, lights, and radios.
Dual-Purpose Batteries: As the name suggests, dual-purpose batteries combine the characteristics of starting batteries and deep cycle batteries. They offer a balance between cranking power and deep cycling capabilities, making them versatile for various marine applications.
When selecting a marine battery, several factors should be taken into account:
Battery Capacity: Consider the capacity of the battery, usually measured in ampere-hours (Ah). This indicates how much energy the battery can store and deliver over time. Calculate your boat’s power requirements to determine the appropriate battery capacity.
Maintenance Requirements: Some batteries require regular maintenance, such as checking water levels and cleaning terminals, while others are maintenance-free. Assess your willingness to perform maintenance tasks when choosing a battery type.
Durability: Marine batteries need to withstand the rigors of the marine environment, including vibrations, moisture, and temperature fluctuations. Look for batteries with durable construction and features like vibration resistance and corrosion protection.
Charging Compatibility: Consider the charging system on your boat and ensure compatibility with the selected battery. Some batteries may require specific charging voltages or charging methods to optimize performance and lifespan.
Size and Weight: Ensure that the battery’s size and weight are suitable for your boat’s available space and weight capacity. Compact and lightweight batteries are preferable, especially for smaller boats with limited storage space.
Choosing the right marine battery is crucial for the smooth operation of your boat’s electrical systems. So, whether you’re embarking on a weekend fishing trip or a leisurely cruise, make sure your boat is equipped with the perfect marine battery to power your adventures.
For more information on marine batteries and other battery, visit Himax.
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In our technologically dependent society, the mobility, dependability, and safety of our devices—including phones and laptops—are critical. Just as important is our ability to easily charge and recharge these devices so they are available when we need them. To do this, we use rechargeable batteries, specifically lithium batterie.
They give us the freedom of movement and connectivity we need. As society’s needs evolve, so too does our tech, and so too must the batteries that allow us to use this tech. One of the most urgent concerns regarding lithium-ion batteries is their safety. Though rare, there are issues with explosions and fires caused by electrochemical system instability.
“Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop LIBs that can provide higher energy density, longer cycle life, and improved safety,” said Ying Bai, corresponding author of new research on this topic and a professor at the Beijing Institute of Technology in China.
Beijing scientists have been researching the use of additives in the sulfone-based electrolyte of lithium batterie to improve their performance. They found that by adding triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO), “the TPPO improves the thermal stability of the electrolyte, which has important industrial value and foundational significance of TPPO as an additive for advancing the development of LIB’s,” said Chuan Wu, co-corresponding author on the research and a professor at Beijing Institute of Technology.
The team’s paper is published in Energy Materials and Devices.
When lithium batterie is discharging lithium-ions, they move from an anode, which is an electrode where current enters the battery, through an electrolyte that passes through a separator to a cathode, which is where the current leaves the storage battery to energize a device. The path is reversed when recharging.
“In the composition of the battery, the non-aqueous electrolyte used in LIBs plays a crucial role in determining key performance parameters such as cycle life, power density, and efficiency,” said Ying Bai. Power density is a measure of stored power per volume, and cycle life is the number of charge/discharge cycles that a battery can undergo before it starts to decrease the percentage of charge it can hold.
The electrolyte solutions in use now have some issues with cycle stability, thermal stability, and safety. Rather than completely changing the electrolyte solution, the team chose to test the use of an additive, TPPO, in the electrolyte to improve the performance of the overall battery.
When tested, TPPO was found to have several important properties.
“Firstly, it reduces the flame point of the sulfone electrolyte; Secondly, it selectively forms a stable passivation film, enhancing the interface stability between the sulfone electrolyte and the electrode material,” said Chuan Wu. The passivation film forms as the TPPO decomposes and coats the cathode, rendering it more resistant to wear and tear, similarly reducing the electrolyte’s breakdown while enhancing the lithium ions’ movement across the electrolyte.
Using theoretical calculations, electrochemical characterization, and flammability tests, the researchers found “that the addition of 2 wt.% TPPO to the sulfone-based electrolyte significantly enhances the ionic conductivity within the temperature range of 20–60°C.”
“Additionally, it increases the discharge capacity of LIBs in the range of 2–4.8 V while maintaining excellent rate performance and cycling stability. Flammability tests and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicate the excellent non-flammability and thermal stability of the electrolyte,” said Ying Bai.
In short, the new electrolyte that they have developed is safer as it is non-flammable, is thermally stable and has an increased energy discharge capacity.
More information: Qiaojun Li et al, Enhanced safety of sulfone-based electrolytes for lithium batterie: broadening electrochemical window and enhancing thermal stability, Energy Materials and Devices (2024). DOI: 10.26599/EMD.2023.9370022
Provided by Tsinghua University Press
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