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Advanced Li-ion battery

LiTypes of Lithium-ion

Fundamental degradation mechanism of Ni-rich layered cathodes on li ion customized battery packs

Increasing of the Ni fraction increase the discharge capacity of the cathode but decreases the ability to retain its original capacity during cycling. The relatively inferior cycling stability of NCM with x > 0.8 is attributed to the phase transition near the charge-end. Stress stemming from the H2 to H3 phase transition destabilized the internal microcracks and allowed the microcracks to propagate to the surface, providing channels for electrolyte penetration and subsequent degradation of the exposed internal surfaces.

Concentration gradient cathode materials for advanced li ion customized battery packs

NCM cathodes with concentration gradients represent a viable solution that simultaneously addresses the specific energy density, cycling and chemical stability, and safety issues of Ni-enriched NCM cathodes. Currently, concentration gradient cathode with extremely high Ni content has been developed by X-doping. Interdiffusion and coarsening in the X-doped CG cathode were suppressed by the segregation of X at the grain boundary and particle surfaces, which also provided a protective coating layer that lowered the surface reactivity.

Microstructurally modified cathodes by high valence electron elements doping

Specific dopants, especially high-valence elements can change the morphology of primary particles in Ni-rich cathode materials. The introduction of a high- valence element during calcination effectively reduces the size of the grains and refines the morphology of primary particles into rod-shaped ones by inhibiting the coarsening of particles. The superior cycling stability clearly indicates the importance of the particle microstructure (i.e., particle size, particle shape, and crystallographic orientation) in mitigating the abrupt internal strain caused by phase transitions in the deeply charged state, which occur in Ni-rich layered cathodes.

Effects of low valence elements excess doping in microstructure

The grain size refinement can be achieved by the introduction of an excess amount of Al doping, which inhibits particle coarsening by segregating Al ions at the particle boundaries. A highly aligned microstructure is achieved by doping 4 mol% of Al, which can allow uniform contraction of the primary particles in the deeply charged state, preventing the formation of local stress concentrations, and deflecting the propagation of microcracks. The proposed Al 4mol%-doped NCA cathode represents a new breed of a Ni-rich NCA cathode that can meet the energy density required for the next-generation EVs without compromising the battery life and safety.

Li-ion

Advanced Co-free cathode

The elimination of Co from Ni-rich layered cathodes is considered a priority to reduce their material cost and for sustainable development of  li ion customized battery packs as Co is becoming increasingly scarce. In the Co-free cathode, the H2-H3 phase transition occurring near the charge end is shifted to a high voltage, so the capacity is lower than that of the NCM cathode at the standard operating voltage (4.3V). However, when operated at high voltage(4.4V), it shows improved thermal stability and cycling stability due to high Mn contents, while exhibiting capacity similar to that of NCM cathode.

Introducing High-Valence Elements into Co-free NM Cathodes(micro-, nano- structure enegineering)

By doping high-valence elements into the Co-free cathodes, the electrochemical performances of the cathodes can be further extended. The grain size refinement achieved by X-doping (X=high-valence element) dissipates the deleterious strain from abrupt lattice contraction through fracture toughening and the removal of local compositional inhomogeneities. Also, the unique structure induced by the presence of X stabilizes the delithiated structure through a pillar effect. The X-doped NM90 cathode can deliver a high capacity with cycling stability, and is suitable for the electric vehicles with long service life at a reduced material cost.

Source：

http://escml.hanyang.ac.kr/sub/sub01_02.php

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Sodium Ion Battery vs. Lithium Ion: The Future of Energy Storage

In the race to develop the most efficient and sustainable energy storage technology, two leading contenders have emerged: sodium ion batteries and li ion customized battery packs. While lithium ion batteries currently hold the market share, sodium ion batteries offer several advantages that could disrupt the energy storage landscape in the coming years.

 

Li ion customized battery packs, which are widely used in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and grid-scale energy storage systems, have a long track record of performance and reliability. Lithium ion batteries store energy in the form of lithium ions, which can travel through an electrolyte to power the battery. They have a high energy density, meaning they can store a large amount of energy in a small space. Lithium ion batteries also have a relatively long lifespan, making them a cost-effective choice for many applications.

 

However, lithium is a rare metal, making li ion customized battery packs expensive and environmentally unfriendly to produce. The extraction and refinement of lithium require significant resources and can have negative impacts on the environment. Furthermore, lithium ion batteries may not be the best solution for large-scale grid storage or for widespread use in electric vehicles due to their limited supply and high cost.

 

Sodium ion batteries, on the other hand, offer a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative to lithium ion batteries. Sodium is abundant and widely distributed, making it a less expensive and more environmentally friendly material for battery production. Sodium ion batteries work similarly to lithium ion batteries, storing energy in the form of sodium ions that travel through an electrolyte. They have a high specific capacity, meaning they can store more energy per unit weight compared to lithium ion batteries.

4000mAh batteries-Li Ion Customized Battery Packs

Another advantage of sodium ion batteries is their wide temperature range. They can operate in a variety of climates and conditions, making them suitable for use in extreme environments or in remote locations where temperature control is challenging. This flexibility could make sodium ion batteries a good choice for grid-scale storage in areas with variable climates or limited infrastructure.

 

Despite their advantages, sodium ion batteries still face challenges before they can compete with lithium ion batteries on the market. Researchers are working to improve the performance, lifespan, and cost-effectiveness of sodium ion batteries to make them viable alternatives. Development efforts are focused on improving the electrode materials, developing new electrolytes, and optimizing battery designs to improve energy density and charge/discharge rates.

 

The future of energy storage is uncertain as more research is conducted on both sodium ion batteries and li ion customized battery packs. It remains to be seen which technology will ultimately prevail. However, as the race continues, it’s clear that the development of sustainable and cost-effective energy storage solutions is critical for meeting the growing demand for clean and efficient energy worldwide.

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Researchers construct amorphous chloride solid electrolytes with high Li-ion conductivity

LiTypes of Lithium-ion

A research team has successfully constructed a glassy Li-ion conduction network and developed amorphous tantalum chloride solid electrolytes (SEs) with high li ion customized battery packs conductivity.

The research results were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

The study shows that compared with ceramic SEs, amorphous SEs distinguish themselves by their inherent unique glassy networks for intimate solid-solid contact and extraordinary li ion customized battery packs conduction percolation.

In addition, amorphous SEs are conducive to fast li ion customized battery packs conduction and are promising for realizing the effective use of high-capacity cathodes and stable cycling; thus, they significantly increase the energy density of all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs).

However, due to the low areal capacity of the thin-film cathode and the poor room-temperature ionic conductivity, the amorphous Li-ion conduction phosphorous oxynitride (Li1.9PO3.3N0.5, LiPON) is inferior to the current commercialized Li-ion batteries in terms of the energy/power density.

To overcome this challenge, it is necessary to develop amorphous SEs with high Li-ion conductivity and ideal chemical (or electrochemical) stability. It has been revealed that crystalline halides, compounds in which the halogens are negatively valenced, including fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and iodides, are promising to realize high-energy-density ASSLBs for their high voltage stability and high ionic conductivity. However, there are still few studies on developing amorphous chloride SEs.

Researchers proposed a new class of amorphous chloride SEs with high Li-ion conductivity, demonstrating excellent compatibility for high-nickel cathodes, and realized a high-energy-density ASSLB with a wide range of temperatures and stable cycling.

Himax-home-page-design-product-category-1-4-1-Li Ion Customized Battery Packs

The researchers determined the structural features of the LiTaCl6 amorphous matrix by employing random surface walking global optimization combined with a global neural network potential (SSW-NN) function for a full-situ energy surface search and one-dimensional solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance lithium spectroscopy for the decoupling of chemical environments, X-ray absorption fine-structure fitting, and low-temperature transmission electron microscopy for the microstructural characterization of the matrix.

Based on the flexibility of its component design, a series of high-performance and cost-effective Li-ion composite solid electrolyte materials with the highest room-temperature Li-ion conductivity up to 7 mS cm-1 were further prepared, which meets the practical application requirements of high-magnification ASSLBs.

Furthermore, researchers verified the applicability of the ASSLBs constructed based on amorphous chloride over a wide temperature range: i.e., it can achieve a high rate (3.4 C) close to 10,000 cycles of stable operation in a freezing environment of -10°C. The component flexibility, fast ionic conductivity, and excellent chemical and electrochemical stability exhibited by the amorphous chloride SEs provide new ideas for further designing new SEs and constructing high-ratio ASSLBs.

This breakthrough extends a series of high-performance composite SEs, overcomes the limitations of the structure and component design of traditional crystalline SEs, and paves the way for realizing high-nickel cathodes with high performance for ASSLBs.

The research team was led by Prof. Yao Hongbin from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), in collaboration with Prof. Shang Cheng from Fudan University and Prof. Tao Xinyong at Zhejiang University of Technology.

More information: Feng Li et al, Amorphous Chloride Solid Electrolytes with High Li-Ion Conductivity for Stable Cycling of All-Solid-State High-Nickel Cathodes, Journal of the American Chemical Society (2023). DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10602

Journal information: Journal of the American Chemical Society

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How to Increase the Longevity of Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Comprehensive Guide

Lithium-ion-polymer-batteries-charging

Keywords: li ion customized battery packs, battery longevity, battery care, charging, storage

Summary:
This article provides valuable insights into enhancing the lifespan of li ion customized battery packs. Covering key factors like charging, storage conditions, and proper maintenance, it equips readers with the knowledge to ensure maximum performance and longevity of their batteries.

Body:

Li ion customized battery packs have become an integral part of our daily lives, powering everything from smartphones to electric vehicles. However, ensuring their longevity can be a challenge. Here’s a guide to increasing the lifespan of li ion customized battery packs.

18650 Lithium Ion Battery Pack-Li Ion Customized Battery Packs

1.Proper Charging:

  • Charging the battery to full capacity and draining it completely can shorten its lifespan. It’s recommended to charge the battery when it reaches about 40-80% discharge level to minimize damage to the battery.
  • Using a high-quality charger that adheres to battery manufacturer’s recommended charging parameters is essential for maintaining battery health.
  • Avoid charging or discharging the battery at high temperatures as this can damage the battery’s internal structure, leading to premature aging.

2.Storage Conditions:

  • When not in use, li ion customized battery packs should be stored in a cool, dry place. Extreme temperatures can affect battery performance and longevity.
  • It’s best to store the battery at about 50% charge level to prevent damage caused by deep discharging or overcharging.
  • Regularly charging and discharging the battery even when not in use helps maintain battery health.

3.Proper Maintenance:

  • Regularly cleaning the battery contacts with a lint-free cloth can help prevent corrosion and ensure efficient charging and discharging.
  • Inspecting for cracks, tears, or other damage on the battery casing and ensuring it’s securely fastened can prevent leaks and failures.
  • It’s essential to use only recommended chargers and not to attempt repairs or modifications on the battery as this can lead to damage or malfunction.

By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your lithium-ion batteries perform at their best for longer, extending their lifespan and providing reliable power throughout their service life. Remember, proper care and maintenance are key to achieving maximum performance from your lithium-ion batteries.

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The Applications of 5V Batteries in Portable Devices

portable device decorate img

5V batteries are widely employed in various portable devices, characterized by a moderate voltage, compact size, light weight, and relatively high power output, making them an ideal energy source for many mobile devices.

Here are some common portable devices that typically utilize 5V batteries:

  1. Smartphones: The voltage level of 5V batteries is relatively moderate, allowing them to provide sufficient power for smartphones while maintaining a reasonable battery life. This ensures that smartphones can maintain good battery performance over an entire charging cycle.
  2. Tablets: Designed for lightness and portability, tablets often incorporate 5V batteries, offering a balanced power management solution to meet the performance requirements of tablets while maintaining a relatively long battery life. Similar to smartphones, tablets frequently use 5V batteries to support high-resolution screens and complex applications.
  3. Portable Chargers: Since most mobile devices use USB as a charging standard, and the standard voltage for USB charging is 5V, portable chargers with 5V batteries can directly support various USB charging devices, providing broader compatibility.
  4. Bluetooth Headphones and Earphones: Bluetooth headphones and earphones are typically low-power devices that don’t require high voltage to provide sufficient energy. The 5V battery voltage is moderate in this scenario, meeting the power needs of headphones and making them lightweight and easy to carry.
  5. Handheld Gaming Consoles: Designed for portability, handheld gaming consoles often use 5V batteries due to their relatively small size and lightweight, supporting extended gaming experiences.
  6. Smartwatches and Health Trackers: Many smartwatches and health trackers support USB charging with a standard voltage of 5V. By adopting 5V batteries, these devices can directly utilize standard USB charging cables, providing a convenient and universal charging method.
  7. Drones: Small and portable drones typically use 5V batteries to supply the required power for flight.
  8. Cameras and Camcorders: Some portable cameras and camcorders use 5V batteries, making them more convenient to carry and use.
  9. Handheld Electronic Devices: Including small speakers, flashlights, and mobile wireless routers, various portable electronic devices also commonly use 5V batteries.

 

portable Devices

When applying 5V batteries, it’s essential to consider the following aspects:

  • Compatibility: Ensure that the selected 5V battery is compatible with the device’s voltage requirements to prevent potential damage or performance degradation.
  • Quality and Reliability: Opt for high-quality and reliable brands of 5V batteries to ensure performance and safety. Low-quality batteries may pose risks such as leakage, overheating, and other safety hazards.
  • Charger Selection: Use a charger that aligns with the device’s specifications in terms of charging current and voltage. Using an incorrect charger may impact battery life and safety.
  • Charging Cycles: Avoid frequent deep discharge cycles, as this can accelerate the aging of 5V batteries. Regular charging and maintaining the battery at an appropriate charge level contribute to sustained performance.
  • Temperature Control: Avoid using or charging 5V batteries in extreme temperatures, as extreme conditions may affect battery performance and lifespan. High temperatures can lead to overheating, while low temperatures may cause a reduction in battery capacity.
  • Avoid Overdischarge and Overcharge: Prevent both full discharge and overcharging of 5V batteries. This practice helps extend the battery’s lifespan and reduce internal stress.
  • Storage Conditions: If a device will not be used for an extended period, ensure the battery is fully charged before storage and store it in a cool, dry place. Avoid storing devices and batteries in environments with high temperatures or humidity.
  • Maintenance Alerts: Some devices may provide maintenance alerts or settings related to battery care. It’s crucial to follow the manufacturer’s recommendations and perform maintenance promptly.
  • Monitoring During Charging: Keep the device nearby during charging to take timely action in case of any abnormalities. Overcharging can lead to overheating and safety issues.
  • Prevent Impact and Compression: Avoid subjecting 5V batteries to strong impacts or compression to prevent battery damage, leakage, or short circuits.

5V rechargeable batteries are a common portable power source. Through careful selection, use, and maintenance of 5V batteries, their performance can be optimized, and their lifespan extended. For more information about battery products or other advanced technological solutions, please feel free to contact us.

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A borate-pyran-based electrolyte that minimizes corrosion in Li-metal batteries

Structure-Of-Steel

Electrolytes are key custom lithium battery pack components that transfer charge carrying particles (i.e., ions) back and forth between two electrodes, ultimately allowing batteries to repeatedly charge and discharge. Engineering and identifying promising electrolytes can help to improve the performance and properties of batteries, allowing them to better support the needs of the electronics industry.

Lithium-metal batteries (LMBs) are a promising class of batteries that have been found to have numerous advantageous properties, including longer battery use per single charge. However, electrodes in these batteries are prone to become corroded when exposed to some chemicals, which makes the design of suitable liquid electrolytes for these batteries challenging.

Researchers at the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and LG Energy Solution in South Korea recently engineered a new liquid electrolyte for LMBs based on lean borate-pyran. Their paper, published in Nature Energy, shows that this electrolyte could minimize corrosion in LMBs, while retaining their performance.

“Lithium metal batteries are undergoing development with the aim of maximizing battery energy density,” Hee-Tak Kim, one of the researchers who carried out the study, told Tech Xplore. “However, the current obstacle lies in the electrolyte, which currently represents the second-highest weight fraction in the battery. To effectively implement high energy density, it is imperative to reduce the amount of electrolyte used.”

How Low can a custom lithium battery pack be discharged?（Demo picture)

The recent work by Kim and his colleagues draws inspiration from an earlier paper by a research team at Stanford University, published in Science. The authors of this paper found that the swelling of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), a protective layer created on the surface of anodes in lithium batteries, ultimately prompts the reversibility of Li metal electrodes.

“Motivated by the finding, we tried to devise a strategy to build a SEI with minimal liquid electrolyte swelling and consequently minimal Li corrosion,” Kim said. “To make Li-metal batteries work, two requirements should be met, namely uniform Li plating/stripping and minimal Li corrosion. Our electrolyte design achieves both requirements by inducing the densely packed, nanocrystalline, and inorganic-rich SEI.”

The borate-pyran based electrolyte engineered by this team of researchers produces the anti-Oswald ripening of LiF crystallites in the SEI. This process in turn prompts the formation of the SEI, while also reducing the protective layers’ swelling and thus minimizing the electrodes’ corrosion.

In the future, the new promising liquid electrolyte identified by Kim and his colleagues could be tested in further experiments and integrated in other LMBs with varying designs. In addition, this recent work could inform the engineering of additional electrolytes, thus contributing to ongoing efforts aimed at introducing better performing battery designs.

“Our recent paper emphasizes the critical role of the microstructure of SEI in addressing the problem of Li corrosion,” Kim added. “Furthermore, the microstructure can be strategically restructured by the unique design of the electrolyte. The ultimate goal of Li metal battery technology is to achieve an anode-free lithium metal battery and to enable high-rate charging. Our efforts are dedicated to resolving the pivotal challenges associated with making these cutting-edge technologies a reality.”

More information: Hyeokjin Kwon et al, Borate–pyran lean electrolyte-based Li-metal batteries with minimal Li corrosion, Nature Energy (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01405-6

Journal information: Science  , Nature Energy

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What is the difference between 18650 lithium battery and 26650 lithium battery?

Himax - 14.8v-2500mAh 18650 battery pack

The rated capacities are different:

IFR26650 lithium battery has a rated capacity of 3000-5000mAh, and 18650 lithium ion battery pack has a rated capacity of 2200~3200mAh.

The sizes are different:

the diameter of IFR26650 is 26 mm, and the diameter of IFR18650 is 18 mm.

The weight is different:

the weight of IFR26650 lithium battery is 94 grams, and the weight of IFR18650 lithium battery is 45 grams.

The capacities are different:

the 26650 battery capacity is larger than the 18650 battery capacity. Assuming that the 26650 battery using ternary materials is used, the capacity is generally around 5200mAh; while the capacity of the 18650 battery is mostly around 2600mAh.

Different application environments:

18650 lithium batteries are widely used in lighting fixtures, industrial accessories, power tools, electric bicycles, power lithium battery packs, etc.; while 26650 lithium batteries are widely used in power tools, lighting, wind and solar energy storage, electric vehicles, toys, instrumentation, UPS backup power supply, communication equipment, medical equipment and lights.

18650-4000mah-18650 Lithium Ion Battery Pack

When the battery compartment space is relatively small and you want a larger capacity, it is recommended to use 26650 batteries.

 

Himax focus on 18650 lithium ion battery pack and 26650 Lithium Ion battery pack manufacturing for over 12 years. We can provide all kinds of custom lithium battery pack for customers. Please get in touch with us if you need a power solution to your device.

HIMAX can make all kinds of custom lithium battery pack and 12v Lead Acid Replacement Battery for our customers. We have full of confidence to meet your quality level. Looking forward to build a long term business with you and we wait for your kind respond

Contact Himax now to unlock your exclusive battery customization options, Himax offers a wide range of options and flexible customization services to meet the needs of different users.
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China is ahead of Europe and US in recycling lithium, cobalt and nickel for batteries, finds study

Himax Decorative figure

A team headed by business chemist Prof. Stephan von Delft from the University of Münster has concluded that China will be the first country worldwide to become independent of the need to mine the raw materials that are essential for custom lithium battery pack. They have also established that this development could be accelerated in all the regions they looked at—including Europe and the U.S.

With the increase in the production of batteries for electric vehicles, demand is also rising for the necessary raw materials. In view of risks to the supply chain, environmental problems and precarious working conditions which are all associated with the mining and transportation of these materials, the recycling of battery materials has become an important issue in research, politics and industry.

Prof. Stephan von Delft from the University of Münster heads a team of researchers from the fields of science and the automotive and battery industries who have therefore been investigating when the demand for the three most important raw materials for batteries—lithium, cobalt and nickel—can be met entirely through recycling in Europe, the U.S. and China; in other words, when a completely circular economy will be possible in these regions. The team’s conclusion is that China will achieve this first, followed by Europe and the U.S.

In detail, the results published in Resources, Conservation and Recycling show that China is expected to be able to employ recycling to meet its own demand for primary lithium for electric vehicles, obtained through mining, from 2059 onwards; in Europe and the U.S., this will not happen until after 2070. As far as cobalt is concerned, recycling is expected to ensure that China will be able to meet its needs after 2045, at the earliest; in Europe this will happen in 2052 and in the U.S. not until 2056. As regards nickel: China can probably meet demand through recycling in 2046 at the earliest, with Europe following in 2058 and the U.S. from 2064 onwards.

Himax - 12V 6Ah Liofepo4 Custom Lithium Battery Pack

Although earlier research looked at the supply of recycled raw materials for batteries and the demand for them, it had not so far been clear when complete circularity would be achieved, with supply and demand being equal (“break-even point”). The team of researchers also looked at the question of whether there are any possibilities of achieving equilibrium sooner than is predicted by current developments.

“Yes, there are,” says Stephan von Delft. “Our research shows that, in particular, a faster rate of electrification in the automotive industry, as is currently being discussed in the EU, will play a role in the process. The reason is that the faster electric vehicles spread throughout the automotive market, the sooner there will be sufficient quantities of batteries available for recycling.”

As Ph.D. student Jannis Wesselkämper adds, “The demand for raw materials could also be met much earlier by recycling as a result of a reduction in custom lithium battery pack size and by avoiding a so-called ‘second life’ for batteries—for example as stationary storage units for solar power.”

The researchers made use of a so-called dynamic material flow analysis to calculate both future demand and the recyclable raw materials then available. The data basis the team used consisted of data from current research work and market forecasts regarding developments in custom lithium battery pack production and sales and the associated demand for raw materials.

More information: Jannis Wesselkämper et al, A battery value chain independent of primary raw materials: Towards circularity in China, Europe and the US, Resources, Conservation and Recycling (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107218

Provided by University of Münster

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Lithium battery pack price structure

Himax Lithium Ion Battery 6Ah

The price of a custom lithium battery pack is mainly composed of three major components: battery cell, PCM, and casing. At the same time, due to the current of the electrical appliances, the material of the connecting piece between the cells (conventional nickel sheet, formed nickel sheet, copper-nickel composite sheet, jumper sheet, etc.) or selection, different connectors (such as Special plugs, ranging from tens to thousands of dollars) may also have a greater impact on the cost. In addition, different PACK manufacturing processes will also affect the cost.

 

  1. Battery cell selection

Depending on the cathode material, custom lithium battery pack include lithium manganate (3.6V), lithium cobalt oxide (3.7V/3.8V), lithium nickel cobalt manganate (commonly known as ternary, 3.6V), and lithium iron phosphate (3.2V). , lithium titanate (2.3V/2.4V) and other battery cores of various material systems. Batteries made of different materials have different voltage platforms, safety factors, number of cycles, energy density, operating temperatures, etc.

 

  1. Requirements and design of  custom lithium battery pack PCM

PCM design can be divided into: basic protection, communication, BMS

Basic protection: Basic protection includes overcharge, over-discharge, over-current and short-circuit protection. Over-temperature protection can be added according to product needs.

Communication: Communication protocols can be divided into I2C, RS485, RS232, CANBUS, HDQ, SMBUS, etc. There is also a simple power display, which can be indicated by a power meter using LED.

BMS: Mainly to intelligently manage and maintain each battery unit, prevent the battery from overcharging and over-discharging, extend the service life of the battery, and monitor the status of the battery. Its main functions include: real-time monitoring of battery physical parameters; battery status estimation; online diagnosis and early warning; charge, discharge and precharge control; equalization management and thermal management, etc. Subsystems are mostly used in electric vehicle batteries.

Himax battery manufacturer live pictures-Custom Lithium Battery Pack

 

  1. Requirements and design of lithium battery pack casing

What kind of outer shell packaging form is used mainly depends on the specific needs of the customer’s product. It can be mainly divided into: PVC heat shrink film, plastic shell, metal shell

PVC heat shrink film: generally suitable for battery packs with a small number of cells in series and in parallel and a light overall weight. However, for battery packs with a relatively large overall weight, fixed brackets can be added between the cells, and fiberglass boards are added to the periphery for protection, and then PVC heat sealing is used. PVC heat shrink film is also the most economical packaging method.

 

Plastic case: Mainly because after different battery packs are finalized, the cases involved may need to be molded. The mold cost is a large expense. If the product is not finalized in the early stage of development, a prototype shell can be used for proofing. Different material and process requirements for the shell will also affect the cost.

 

Metal casel: The metal case is the same as the plastic case. Before the product is finalized or the quantity demand is not large, it is recommended to use sheet metal sample preparation, which mainly shortens the sample preparation and delivery time. If the order quantity is large, it is recommended to open a mold. There are waterproof level requirements for metal casings, which will also greatly affect the cost. Metal casings made of special materials (such as titanium alloy, etc.) will also increase the cost.

 

At the same time, due to different product technical difficulty, procurement volume, and defective rate requirements, lithium battery prices will vary greatly!

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A tin-based tandem electrocatalyst for the synthesis of ethanol via CO₂ reduction

18650b

Let’s talk about some details of the tin-based tandem electrocatalyst for the synthesis of ethanol via CO₂ reduction and li ion customized battery manufacturing process.

The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) into various multi-carbon products is highly desirable, as it could help to easily produce useful chemicals for a wide range of applications. Most existing catalysts to facilitate CO2 reduction are based on copper (Cu), yet the processes underpinning their action remain poorly understood.

Researchers at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, and other institutes in China have recently set out to design more efficient Cu-free electrochemical catalysts for the reduction of CO2 Their paper, published in Nature Energy, introduces a new catalyst based on Tin (Sn), which was found to reduce CO2 to ethanol (CH3CH2OH) with a selectivity of 80%.

“The discovery of C-C coupling over the Sn1-O3G catalyst was not accidental, but instead built on our earlier works on understanding the CO2RR behavior of transition metal single-atom catalysts,” Prof. Bin Liu, co-author of the paper, told Tech Xplore.

“Specifically, we conducted preliminary experiments involving structural and electrochemical characterizations of various Sn-based CO2RR catalysts, including metallic Sn nanoparticles, SnS2 nanosheets, SnS2 on nitrogen-doped graphene, single Sn atoms on nitrogen-doped graphene (Sn-4N) and single Sn atoms on O-rich graphene (Sn1-O3G).”

In their preliminary experiments, the researchers found that both Sn1-4N and Sn1-O3G catalysts could reduce CO2 to CO with KHCO3, as a proton donor in a CO2RR solution. However, these catalysts displayed different behavior in the presence of the acid formate, with only Sn1-O3G ultimately producing ethanol.

Himax - decorating image-Li Ion Customized Battery Manufacturing

“These observations led us to believe that the difference in CO2RR between the Sn1-4N and Sn1-3OG catalysts could result from the different coordination environments of Sn,” Prof. Liu said. “Thereafter, we focused our efforts on understanding the C-C coupling mechanism on O-coordinated Sn catalytic sites and constructed a tandem catalyst to realize selective CO2RR to ethanol.”

Prof. Liu and his colleagues fabricated their new Sn-based electrocatalyst by eliciting a solvothermal reaction between SnBr2 and thiourea on a three-dimensional (3D) carbon foam. They subsequently examined their catalyst to characterize its structure.

Their examinations suggest that their catalyst is made up of SnS2 nanosheets and atomically dispersed Sn atoms. These components are coordinated on the 3D O-rich carbon by binding with three O atoms (Sn1-O3G).

“The electrochemical performance of the SnS2/Sn1-O3G catalyst for CO2RR was evaluated using chronoamperometry in an H-type cell containing CO2-saturated 0.5-M KHCO3,” Prof. Liu said. “Our catalyst can reproducibly yield ethanol with a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of up to 82.5% at -0.9 VRHE and a geometric current density of 17.8 mA cm–2. Additionally, the FE for ethanol production could be maintained at above 70% over the potential window from -0.6 to -1.1 VRHE.”

In initial evaluations, the catalyst developed by the researchers achieved highly promising results, successfully producing ethanol from a CO2RR solution with a high selectivity. In addition, the catalyst was found to be stable, maintaining 97% of its initial activity after 100 h of operation.

“The dual active centers of Sn and O atoms in Sn1-O3G serve to adsorb different C-based intermediates, which effectively lowers the C-C coupling energy between *CO(OH) and *CHO,” Prof. Liu explained. “Our tandem catalyst enables a formyl-bicarbonate coupling pathway, which not only provides a platform for C-C bond formation during ethanol synthesis and overcomes the restrictions of Cu-based catalysts but also offers a strategy for manipulating CO2 reduction pathways towards desired products.”

The recent work by this team of researchers introduces an alternative Cu-free catalyst for eliciting the C-C bond formation and enabling the reduction of CO2 to ethanol. In the future, their proposed approach could be used to produce ethanol more reliably and could potentially also be applied to the synthesis of other desired chemical products via the CO2 reduction reaction.

“The search for more efficient catalysts with dual active sites should be pursued through high-throughput experiments and theoretical calculations,” Prof. Liu added. “The rate and selectivity of a catalytic reaction are also closely related to the coverage of reaction intermediates on the catalyst‘s surface.

“Therefore, an in-depth study of factors that affect the residence time of intermediates, such as the pore structure of the support for the Sn1-O3G dual-active sites, would help to deepen understanding of the C-C coupling process. We envisage that tandem catalysis based on the concept of dual-active sites could be extendable to C-X (X = N or S) coupling to prepare other chemicals, such as urea and alanine.”

More information: Jie Ding et al, A tin-based tandem electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction to ethanol with 80% selectivity, Nature Energy (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01389-3

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